They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Benedict Arnold's reasons for betraying America were extraordinarily complex. My family have voted conservative in most elections. betrayal. Benedict Arnold's name might be the first that comes to mind when we think of treason not just because he was a traitor, but because he was such an unlikely one. Benedict Arnold was born to a prominent businessman in Norwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. He later revealed that he expected to obtain the command of West Point, New York, and asked the British for 20,000 for betraying this post. He was again severely wounded in the left leg late in the fighting. [148] He was buried at St Mary's Church, Battersea, England which has a commemorative stained glass window. [117] After her first voyage, Arnold returned to London in 1786 to bring his family to Saint John. He then took the letter back to Connecticut, suspicious of Arnold's actions, where he delivered it to the head of the Connecticut militia. Thereafter his name became an epithet for traitor in the United States. [59] Shippen and her circle of friends had found methods of staying in contact with paramours across the battle lines, despite military bans on communication with the enemy. Arnold's early life consisted of study at some of the Continent's best private schools. While there, he disentangled himself from a lawsuit over an unpaid debt that Peggy had been fighting while he was away, paying 900[b] to settle a 12,000[b] loan that he had taken while living in Philadelphia. The most famous of these occurred on May 10, 1775, when Ethan Allen and his band of Green Mountain Boys, accompanied by Benedict Arnold, who held a commission from . [76] Several members on the panel of judges were ill-disposed toward Arnold over actions and disputes earlier in the war, yet Arnold was cleared of all but two minor charges on January 26, 1780. [88], On August 30, Arnold sent a letter accepting Clinton's terms and proposing a meeting to Andr through yet another intermediary: William Heron, a member of the Connecticut Assembly whom he thought he could trust. [80] Many of these documents had been lost during the retreat from Quebec. "[65] A few days later, Arnold wrote to Greene and lamented over the "deplorable" and "horrid" situation of the country at that particular moment, citing the depreciating currency, disaffection of the army, and internal fighting in Congress, while predicting "impending ruin" if things did not change soon. [132], Early biographers attempted to describe Arnold's entire life in terms of treacherous or morally questionable behavior. [22] In a strange twist of fate, "the second most hated British . [citation needed]. Unable to find a new military or. In the winter of 1782, he and Peggy moved to London, England. In exchange for cash and a commission in the British army, Major General Arnold promised to betray his cause and hand over the American fort at West Point. He hoped that this work would earn him wider respect and a new command; instead, it earned him and his sons a land-grant of 15,000 acres (6,100ha) in Upper Canada,[122] near present-day Renfrew, Ontario. However, British casualties were high; nearly one quarter of the force was killed or wounded, and Clinton declared that he could ill afford any more such victories. On August 25, Peggy finally delivered to him Clinton's agreement to the terms. Arnold mingled with Loyalist sympathizers in Philadelphia and married into a Loyalist family when he wedded Peggy Shippen. Benedict Arnold is an epithet for traitor in the United States; calling a person a Benedict Arnold implies that they are a traitor. When and where was Benedict Arnold born? His first name was actually Enoch. His difficult time in New Brunswick led historians to summarize it as full of "controversy, resentment, and legal entanglements" and to conclude that he was disliked by both Americans and Loyalists living there. Phillips led further raids across Virginia, including a defeat of Baron von Steuben at Petersburg, but he died of fever on May 12, 1781. Once the former Revolutionary War hero . He grew resentful of several rival and younger generals who had been promoted ahead of him and given honors which he thought he deserved. It was donated by Civil War General John Watts DePeyster, and its inscription reads: "In memory of the most brilliant soldier of the Continental army, who was desperately wounded on this spot, winning for his countrymen the decisive battle of the American Revolution, and for himself the rank of Major General. Arnold arrived in New Brunswick in December 1785, so Sage's mother could not have been from there. Arnold established himself in business in 1762 as a pharmacist and bookseller in New Haven, Connecticut, with the help of the Lathrops. Arnold's Family Life Was Messy By The Time He Was 20. See the fact file below for more information on . Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Benedict Arnold (14 January 1741 [O.S. The first man was a British major named John Andre. And those of us with long memories can take some comfort that things didn't go much better for Arnold once he left the colonies to live in . [33], The Second Continental Congress authorized an invasion of Quebec, in part on the urging of Arnoldbut he was passed over for command of the expedition. [135] Jefferson Davis and other southern secessionist leaders were unfavorably compared to Arnold, implicitly and explicitly likening the idea of secession to treason. Far fewer know . By Joyce Lee Malcolm. "[144] The victory monument at Saratoga has four niches, three of which are occupied by statues of Generals Gates, Schuyler, and Morgan. The second was Benedict Arnold. The Hudson River Chain today [134] Social historian Brian Carso notes that, as the 19th century progressed, the story of Arnold's betrayal was portrayed with near-mythical proportions as a part of the national history. Soon after Ticonderoga, Arnold brought his men on a dangerous trek through the . While this is the case, no power in this country could suddenly place you in the situation you aim at under the East India Company. In 1787, he moved to Canada to run a merchant business with his sons Richard and Henry. Washington Irving used it as part of an argument against dismemberment of the union in his 1857 Life of George Washington, pointing out that the unity of New England and the southern states which led to independence was made possible in part by holding West Point. Things to remember while reading excerpts from Americans' reactions to Benedict Arnold's treason: Before his betrayal (discovered in 1780), Benedict Arnold was a major American hero. He had established a decent relationship with George Washington, as well as Philip Schuyler and Horatio Gates, both of whom had command of the army's Northern Department during 1775 and 1776. After organizing an assemblage of volunteers, he seized munitions from the New Haven arsenal and led his group northward to fight the British. Sage's gravestone indicates that he was born on April 14, 14, 1786, a date roughly confirmed by Arnold's will, which stated that Sage was 14 when Arnold wrote it in 1800. [133] George Canning Hill authored a series of moralistic biographies in the mid-19th century and began his 1865 biography of Arnold: "Benedict, the Traitor, was born". He then went to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and suggested to George Washington a second expedition to attack Quebec City via a wilderness route through Maine. When his British contact, Maj. John Andr, was captured by the Americans, Arnold escaped on a British ship, leaving Andr to be hanged as a spy. [142] His descendants are spread across Canada, most of all those of John Sage, who adopted the Arnold surname. Wilson believes that the explanation most consistent with the available documentation is that Sage was either the result of a liaison before Arnold left England or that he was Arnold's grandson by one of his older children. On August 13, Schuyler dispatched him with a force of 900 to relieve the siege of Fort Stanwix, where he succeeded in a ruse to lift the siege. He also faced financial ruin, falling 16,000[b] in debt with creditors spreading rumors of his insolvency, to the point where he took legal action against them. In the later part of the conflict, Arnold was commissioned as a brigadier general in the British Army, and placed in command of the American Legion. During the Revolutionary War, West Point was known as Fort Arnold, but after Benedict Arnold's betrayal, it became known as Fort Clinton. Neither side knew for some days that the other was in agreement with that offer, due to difficulties in getting the messages across the lines. His father's alcoholism worsened after her death, and the youth took on the responsibility of supporting his father and younger sister. Arnold demanded a court martial to clear the charges, writing to Washington in May 1779: "Having become a cripple in the service of my country, I little expected to meet ungrateful returns". [74] Furthermore, revolutionary mobs were scouring Philadelphia for Loyalists, and Arnold and the Shippen family were being threatened. But despite all the financial and political reasons he had for his betrayal, it's possible it was actually about love. [138] The boy is not identified until the end of the story, when his place of birth is given as Norwich, Connecticut, and his name is given as Benedict Arnold. Benedict Arnold, shown on the left concealing his plans in John Andr's boot, has become synonymous with treason but before he betrayed America, he saved it. Before his betrayal Benedict Arnold was a legitimate hero and a competent officer. He died, age 60, and was buried in London. January 14, 1741, in Norwich Connecticut. These charges were then referred to Congress, and Arnold asked for an immediate court-martial to clear himself. On June 16, Arnold inspected West Point while on his way home to Connecticut to take care of personal business, and he sent a highly detailed report through the secret channel. Updates? Washington also infiltrated men into New York City in an attempt to capture Arnold. During this time, Arnold brought his sister Hannah to New Haven and established her in his apothecary to manage the business in his absence. [79], Shortly after Washington's rebuke, a Congressional inquiry into Arnold's expenditures concluded that he had failed to account fully for his expenditures incurred during the Quebec invasion, and that he owed the Congress some 1,000,[b] largely because he was unable to document them. Bettmann / Corbis "You have five. [103] The anti-war Whigs had gained the upper hand in Parliament, and Germain was forced to resign, with the government of Lord North falling not long after. [54] Such schemes were not uncommon among American officers, but Arnold's schemes were sometimes frustrated by powerful local politicians such as Joseph Reed, who eventually amassed enough evidence to publicly air charges against him. The prisoner was dressed in miltary uniform. Arnold had three sons with Margaret Mansfield:[150][151]. [82] When he reached Connecticut, Arnold arranged to sell his home there and began transferring assets to London through intermediaries in New York. Arnold was promoted to brigadier general for his role in reaching Quebec, and he maintained an ineffectual siege of the city until he was replaced by Major General David Wooster in April 1776. Benedict Arnold was born on Jan. 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut. Odell was a Loyalist working with William Franklin, the last colonial governor of New Jersey and the son of Benjamin Franklin. He could not cope with failure and disgrace. [137] A moralistic children's tale entitled "The Cruel Boy" was widely circulated in the 19th century. Unable to obtain a regular commission in the British army, he later pursued various business ventures, including land speculation in Canada. Especially galling was a long feud with the civil authorities in Philadelphia which led to his court-martial. [62], Wetherell says that the shortest explanation for his treason is that he "married the wrong person". Unlike his accomplishments in the battlefield, Arnold was not a good Governor. Arnold said that it would have been better had it been in the chest instead of the leg. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He joined the growing American army outside of Boston, and distinguished himself by acts that demonstrated intelligence and bravery: In 1775, he captured Fort Ticonderoga. He led a force of more than 1,700 men which burned most of New London to the ground on September 4, causing damage estimated at $500,000. [86], Arnold's command at West Point also gave him authority over the entire American-controlled Hudson River, from Albany down to the British lines outside New York City. Before his name became synonymous with treason, Benedict Arnold was a bonafide hero of the American Revolutionary War. He received a colonel's commission in the Continental Army for this expedition and left Cambridge in September 1775 with 1,100 men. It was invoked again as sectional conflicts increased in the years before the American Civil War. I used the widely accepted 1910 translation by the sinologist Lionel Giles, available in various . We largely don't even know who he is. In the House of Commons, Edmund Burke expressed the hope that the government would not put Arnold "at the head of a part of a British army" lest "the sentiments of true honour, which every British officer [holds] dearer than life, should be afflicted". [67], Early in May 1779, Arnold met with Philadelphia merchant Joseph Stansbury[c] who then "went secretly to New York with a tender of [Arnold's] services to Sir Henry Clinton". . Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Colony of Connecticut, British America. 3. [6] In December 1780, he led a force of 1,600 troops into Virginia under orders from Clinton, where he captured Richmond by surprise and then went on a rampage through Virginia, destroying supply houses, foundries, and mills. Word of the siege's disastrous outcome led the company to turn around, and Arnold served for only 13 days. [132], Talleyrand continued, "I must confess that I felt much pity for him, for which political puritans will perhaps blame me, but with which I do not reproach myself, for I witnessed his agony". Arnold had the power to act, to defy the stresses of business and the dangers of the battlefield; but Peggy had the power to endure. [43], Arnold arrived in Schuyler's camp at Fort Edward, New York, on July 24. [139] However, not all depictions of Arnold were so negative. They bought three trading ships, using the profits from the sale of his homestead, and established a lucrative West Indies trade. His health simply declined, partly as a result of his war wounds, partly as a result of what used to be called dropsy edema, the dramatic retention of fluid in limbs. After Benedict Arnold betrayed the Continental Army, his British contact, Major John Andr, was captured by the Americans and hanged as a spy while Arnold escaped on a British ship. [66] Biographer Nathaniel Philbrick argues: Peggy Shippen did have a significant role in the plot. Harper's Weekly published an article in 1861 describing Confederate leaders as "a few men directing this colossal treason, by whose side Benedict Arnold shines white as a saint". One critic said that he was a "mean mercenary, who, having adopted a cause for the sake of plunder, quits it when convicted of that charge". [103], Washington remained calm when he was presented with evidence of Arnold's treason. [101] From the ship, he wrote a letter to Washington[102] requesting that Peggy be given safe passage to her family in Philadelphiawhich Washington granted. [27] Their son Benedict was born the following year[28] and was followed by brothers Richard in 1769 and Henry in 1772. He sent an Indian messenger into the camp of British Brigadier General Barry St. Leger with news that the approaching force was much larger and closer than it actually was; this convinced St. Leger's Indian allies to abandon him, forcing him to give up the effort. [146] There are also historical markers bearing his name at Wyman Lake Rest Area on US-201 north of Moscow, Maine, on the western bank of Lake Champlain, New York, and two in Skowhegan, Maine.[147]. However, his betrayal overshadowed his accomplishments in the wars he fought and won. Washington refused his offer to resign, and wrote to members of Congress in an attempt to correct this, noting that "two or three other very good officers" might be lost if they persisted in making politically motivated promotions. Wallace, Willard M. "Benedict Arnold: Traitorous Patriot." During the American War for Independence, several engagements were fought at the five-pointed star-shaped Fort Ticonderoga. Stansbury's testimony before a British commission erroneously placed his meeting with Arnold in June. Andr then drafted instructions to Stansbury and Arnold. He dared not tell me his name. In an ironic twist, Heron went into New York unaware of the significance of the letter and offered his own services to the British as a spy. Peggy Shippen had barely turned eighteen when in June of 1778, following the evacuation of Philadelphia by a British army, Major General Benedict . Arnold purchased large tracts of land in the Maugerville area, and acquired city lots in Saint John and Fredericton. However, his actions at Saint-Jean and Valcour Island played a notable role in delaying the British advance against Ticonderoga until 1777. Washington refused his resignation and ordered him north to assist with the defense there. [41], Arnold was on his way to Philadelphia to discuss his future when he was alerted that a British force was marching toward a supply depot in Danbury, Connecticut. He was well received by King George III and the Tories but frowned upon by the Whigs and most Army officers. He was convicted of disorderly conduct and fined the relatively small amount of 50 shillings; publicity of the case and widespread sympathy for his views probably contributed to the light sentence. Peggy came from a loyalist family in Philadelphia; she had many ties to the British. The fourth niche is pointedly empty. Lee Moran. Besides, I would argue that even if the British d. It just doesn't respect it", "Letter, Benedict Arnold to George Washington pleading for mercy for his wife", "Benedict Arnold: The Aftermath of Treason", "Saratoga National Historical Park Activities", "Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7", links to primary sources about Benedict Arnold before and after his treason, Arnold, Benedict (17411801), army officer | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness, Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedict_Arnold&oldid=1139478021, 18th-century American non-fiction writers, American expatriates in the United Kingdom, British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War, British people of the French Revolutionary Wars, British spies during the American Revolution, Businesspeople from New Haven, Connecticut, Connecticut militiamen in the American Revolution, Continental Army officers from Connecticut, Continental Army personnel who were court-martialed, Military personnel from Norwich, Connecticut, People of Connecticut in the French and Indian War, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, All articles with broken links to citations, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Benedict Arnold (17681795) (Captain, British Army in Jamaica), Henry Arnold (17721826) (Lieutenant, American Legion cavalry), Edward Shippen Arnold (17801813) (Lieutenant, British Army in India; see, James Robertson Arnold (17811854) (Lieutenant General, Royal Engineers), George Arnold (17871828) (Lieutenant Colonel, 2nd (or 7th) Bengal Cavalry). John Andr was executed for spying. You may think it was odd that parents would name their newborn . What happened to Benedict Arnold after he betrayed the Continental Army to the British? He organized the militia response, along with David Wooster and Connecticut militia General Gold Selleck Silliman. "[102], The British gave Arnold a brigadier general's commission with an annual income of several hundred pounds, but they paid him only 6,315 plus an annual pension of 360[b] for his defection because his plot had failed. Interesting Facts About Benedict Arnold. She couldand did. After the war, he petitioned to have Vermont become a state. Clinton was uninterested in most of his aggressive ideas, but finally authorized him to raid the port of New London, Connecticut. Though the location was used for training cadets in engineering starting in 1794, it officially became the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1802. After his leg healed, Benedict Arnold was named Military Governor of Philadelphia. [1] Only he and his sister Hannah survived to adulthood; his other siblings died from yellow fever in childhood. Through the early morning hours of Sept. 22, 1780 the two plotted. One plaque bears only a rank and a date but no name: "major general born 1740". General Parsons laid it aside, seeing a letter written as a coded business discussion. Their friendship became the foundation for the treason for which Peggy's. [26], On February 22, 1767, Arnold married Margaret Mansfield, daughter of Samuel Mansfield, the sheriff of New Haven and a fellow member in the local Masonic Lodge. Why did Benedict Arnold betray the Continental Army to the British? [70] This initial letter opened a discussion on the types of assistance and intelligence that Arnold might provide, and included instructions for how to communicate in the future. Following the deaths of three of his. Benedict Arnold, despite his bravery on the battlefield, eventually switched sides and became the most infamous traitor in American history. Peggy Shippen, or Margaret Shippen (July 11, 1760 - August 24, 1804), was the second wife of General Benedict Arnold (following Margaret Mansfield, who died in 1775). Arnold was born in Norwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. Benedict Arnold Arnold was let off with just a slap on the wrist, but again his pride had been wounded. He did, however, investigate its extent, and suggested that he was willing to exchange Andr for Arnold during negotiations with Clinton concerning Andr's fate. After trying and failing to hand the fort at West Point over to the British, he joined the Royal Army and took . [48] However, he interpreted the manner in which they did so as an act of sympathy for his wounds, and not an apology or recognition that they were righting a wrong. 8. [130] In Arnold's home town of Norwich, Connecticut, someone scrawled "the traitor" next to his record of birth at city hall, and all of his family's gravestones have been destroyed except his mother's.[131]. [1] Benedict Arnold's name is synonymous with the word traitor. He returned a hero, but his rash courage and impatient energy had aroused the enmity of several officers. She was the conduit for information to the British. How did Benedict Arnold betray the Continental Army to the British? Arnold and Wemyss faced similar situations but created different legaciesWemyss "served with distinction during the war" but became a footnote in history; Arnold lost the respect of people on all sides of the Revolution and his name became synonymously linked to treason. [109] They also attacked and captured Fort Griswold across the river in Groton, Connecticut, slaughtering the Americans after they surrendered following the Battle of Groton Heightsand all these deeds were done just a few miles down the Thames River from Norwich, where Arnold grew up. "[88] At the same time, he tried to drain West Point's supplies so that a siege would be more likely to succeed. [107], The pursuing American army included the Marquis de Lafayette, who was under orders from Washington to hang Arnold summarily if he was captured. [116] Delivery of his first ship the Lord Sheffield was accompanied by accusations from the builder that Arnold had cheated him; Arnold claimed that he had merely deducted the contractually agreed amount when the ship was delivered late. [45] He then distinguished himself in both Battles of Saratoga, even though General Gates removed him from field command after the first battle, following a series of escalating disagreements and disputes that culminated in a shouting match. [95] They found the papers exposing the plot to capture West Point and passed them on to their superiors,[96] but Andr convinced the unsuspecting Colonel John Jameson, to whom he was delivered, to send him back to Arnold at West Pointbut he never reached West Point. Benedict Arnold passed away on 3 March 1849. Arnold benefited from his relationship with Mansfield, who became a partner in his business and used his position as sheriff to shield him from creditors. His scheme was to surrender the fort to the British, but it was exposed in September 1780 when revolution militia captured Andr carrying papers which revealed the plot. [9], Arnold's father was a successful businessman, and the family moved in the upper levels of Norwich society. For additional information about Arnold's amazing career as a Continental officer, consult James Kirby Martin, Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero: An American Warrior Reconsidered (New York, 1997). Thereupon I expressed the desire of seeing that gentleman, and, shortly after, I was introduced to him. [113], Arnold then applied to accompany General Carleton, who was going to New York to replace Clinton as commander-in-chief, but the request went nowhere. Arnold repeatedly claimed that he was being passed over for promotion by the Continental Congress, and that other officers were being given credit for some of his accomplishments. His subordinates, some long-time associates, grumbled about Arnold's unnecessary distribution of supplies and eventually concluded that he was selling them on the black market for personal gain. The crowd of hundreds of people was quiet. Arnold resented this affront, and only Washingtons personal persuasion kept him from resigning. [52] Historian John Shy states: Arnold began planning to capitalize financially on the change in power in Philadelphia, even before the Americans reoccupied their city. In real life: Arnold left for England in late 1781, before the official surrender, in an unsuccessful bid to persuade the Crown to keep the war going in America. [39] He took the opportunity to visit his children while near his home in New Haven, and he spent much of the winter socializing in Boston, where he unsuccessfully courted a young belle named Betsy Deblois. He was enrolled in a private school in nearby Canterbury, Connecticut, when he was 10, with the expectation that he would eventually attend Yale College. BENEDICT ARNOLD REMAINS the most notorious man in American history, his name a synonym for traitor. Arnold became a shrewd and prosperous trader in New Haven while also joining the local militia in 1774 and being named its captain soon thereafter. Born in 1867 in Hanley, Staffordshire (part of the famous 'Potteries' and now a district of Stoke-on-Trent), Enoch Arnold Bennett was named after his father, a solicitor. By. Arnold eventually moved to England where he became a merchant. Unable to obtain a regular commission in the British army after the war, Arnold pursued various business ventures like land speculation and privateering before permanently settling in London. The French had besieged Fort William Henry in northeastern New York, and their Indian allies had committed atrocities after their victory. On the morning of September 22, from their position at Teller's Point, two American rebels, John "Jack" Peterson and Moses Sherwood, under the command of Col. James Livingston fired on HMS Vulture, the ship that was intended to carry Andr back to New York. Was introduced to him his name a synonym for traitor in the wars he fought and won what... 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